Endnotes for chapbook Banana [ ]/we pilot the blood:
1 The redacted C.I.A. document continues: "Syndicate organization in Santa Marta and the banana zone has always had a leftist orientation and Marxist leadership. The so-called Socialist revolutionaries who directed the tragic banana strike of 1928 became Communists after 1930 and continued to direct the labor movement in the area." The document does not mention that the tragedy of the 1928 strike was a U.S. backed massacre against the strikers, as fictionalized in Márquez's 100 Years of Solitude. According to a 2018 North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA) article entitled "Photos We Don't Get to See," the U.S. Colombian Embassy sent telegrams to the U.S. Secretary of State requesting a warship and for Colombia to pressure the strikers. A telegram dated January 16th, 1929 states, "I have the honor to report…the total number of strikers killed by the Colombian military exceeded one thousand." Reports surveilling banana workers, such as the one included here, continue for decades.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Labor Situation in the Banana Zone (Washington D.C.: 1951), https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp82-00457r007100270005-3.
2 Christopher Cumo, ed., Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2013).
3 I discovered Conquest of the Tropics scanned on HaithiTrust digital library at midnight after returning home from a poetry reading, and did not go to sleep until I finished it. It is full of comically intesnse praise for United Fruit, such as: "[The story of] the United Fruit Company. It is a story of the peaceful and honorable conquest of a portion of the American tropics, and one of which every citizen should be proud." I count over 70 times the word "great" appears in the book in reference to United Fruit. The words directed at the black, indigenous, or mestizo laborers are slurs. While Adams refers to his text as a history book, the publisher's note admits that "facts [have] been obtainted through courtesy of officials of the United Fruit Company," as well as transportation and lodging.
Frederick Upham Adams, Conquest of the Tropics; the Story of the Creative Enterprises Conducted by the United Fruit Company (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1914), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b110129&view=1up&seq=7.
4 Also from the film: "Central America is just what the name implies, the heart of the Americas: a few days by ship from the United States, a few hours by plane, or a few minutes by guided missle." The film was produced and released just a year before the invasion of Guatemala that deposed the democratically elected President Jacobo Árbenz, carried out by the C.I.A. Árbenz had been elected under promises of land reform and updating labor laws. Links between United Fruit and the C.I.A. leading up to the invasion are numerous. According to Wikipedia, John Foster Dulles, the then-U.S. Secretary of State, had represented United Fruit as a lawyer and negotiated a crucial Guatemalan land purchase. His brother Allen Dulles was on the United Fruit board of directors and was head of the C.I.A. Ed Whitman, who directed the film, was married to Dwight Eisenhower's personal secretary.
Why the Kremlin Hates Bananas, directed by John Sutherland (1953; U.S.: United Fruit Company).
5 Ambayeba Muimba-Kankolongo, “Fruit Production,” in Food Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Southern Africa, ed. Ambayeba Muimba-Kankolongo (Academic Press, 2018), 275–312, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814383-4.00012-8.
6 B.A. Aglave et al., “Molecular Identification of a Virus Causing Banana Chlorosis Disease from Marathwada Region,” International Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry 3, no. 1 (2007): 13–24, https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=09732691&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA172131883&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=fulltext.
7 Plant Health Australia, Fact Sheet: Blood Disease (Canberra, Australia: 2013).
8 “Cigar End Rot of Banana,” Greenlife Crop Protection Africa, last accessed July 22, 2020, https://www.greenlife.co.ke/cigar-end-rot-of-banana/.
9 P P Reddy, Biointensive Integrated Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems (India: Springer Science & Business Media, 2014).
10 “Gene Identified for Full Virulence of the Fusarium Wilt Towards Cavendish Banana,” Fusarium Wilt, 2018, https://fusariumwilt.org/index.php/en/2018/11/19/gene-identified-for-full-virulence-of-the-fusarium-wilt-towards-cavendish-banana/.
11 Julia Morton, Fruits of Warm Climates (Miami: J.F. Morton, 1987), https://books.google.com/books?id=pCgmAQAAMAAJ.
12 Ibid.
13 Plant Health Australia, Fact Sheet: Banana Spider Mite (Canberra, Australia: 2013).
14 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Chlorpyrifos: Preliminary Review Findings Report on Additional Residues Data (Canberra, Australia: 2009).
15 N. A. Martin, “Factsheet: Banana Silvering Thrips - Hercinothrips Bicinctus,” Interesting Insects and other Invertebrates, 2017, https://nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz/factsheet/InterestingInsects/Banana-silvering-thrips--Hercinothrips-bicinctus.html.
16 Australian Department of Primary Industries, Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity, Banana Freckle (New South Wales: 2013), https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/plant/insect-pests-and-plant-diseases/banana-freckle.
17 Plant Health Australia, Fact Sheet: Moko (Canberra, Australia: 2013).
18 Guy Blomme et al., “Bacterial Diseases of Bananas and Enset: Current State of Knowledge and Integrated Approaches Toward Sustainable Management,” Frontiers in Plant Science 8 (July 2017): 1290, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01290.
19 Based on thousands of pages of documents obtained by FOIA requests, this book pretty thoroughly details the U.S. invasion of Guatemala.
Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala, (Harvard University, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, 2005), https://books.google.com/books?id=VblqAAAAMAAJ.
20 To continue: "Hernán had objected to the palm oil, banana plantations and cattle ranches expanding over his community's territory and clearing the forest. He had been forcibly evicted from his land by a paramilitary group in 1996, but decided to return despite the risks." Paramilitary groups began sending him death threats again in 2015. Global Witness's review of murders against indigenous and Afro-Colombian farmers during 2010-2016 showed an impunity rate of 92%--the vast majority of cases were dropped, or never investigated at all.
Billy Kyte, “At What Cost? Irresponsible Business and the Murder of Land and Environmental Defenders in 2017,” Global Witness (January 2017).
21 John McGinty and Stephen Burkhart, Operative Arthroscopy, (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003), https://books.google.com/books?id=1Uq3bmM6qwcC.
22 Scot Nelson, “Postharvest Rots of Banana,” Plant Disease 54 (2008).
23 According to the article, the National Agriculture Workers Union (Sintrainagro) threatened a strike because employers in the Urabá region were threatening to cut the wages of workers by 43%, claiming those cuts were necessary because of the price fluctuations of the U.S. dollar. Strikes have dangerous implications; a subsequent section of the poem is full of the names of assassinated strikers. However, according to a report by Global Living Wage titled “Living Wage Report: Caribbean Coast of Colombia, Context: Banana Sector” from May 2018, banana workers were making roughly U.S. $10 per day of work. Cut wages could mean death. The week before the strike began, negotiations ended with workers winning no pay cuts and improved housing.
“Colombian Banana Workers Threaten Wage Strike,” Fresh Fruit Portal, 2013, https://www.freshfruitportal.com/news/2013/05/23/colombian-banana-workers-threaten-wage-strike/.
24 Morton, Fruits of Warm Climates.
25 “Fruit Carriers at Port Maria Are on Strike,” The Kingston Daily Gleaner, June 11, 1929.
26 Satbir Singh Gosal and Shabir Wani, eds., Biotechologies of Crop Improvement: Cellular Approaches, 1st ed. (Springer International Publishing, 2018), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78283-6.
27 Symptomatic occupational pesticide poisoning affected 4.5% of workers in Costa Rica in 1986. Between 1980 and 1986, 3,330 people were hospitalized and 429 died.
C Wesseling, L Castillo, and C Elinder, “Pesticide Poisonings in Costa Rica,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 19, no. 4 (August 1993), https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1479.
28This article argues that understanding United Fruit's reaction to Panama Disease is more than just an episode of the company's history but sheds light on the agricultural industry's relationship to labor and the environment. United Fruit's strategies to fight the disease diminished pay and health outcomes of entire regions people who worked in or lived near banana plantations, and altered ecosystems and the landscape itself.
Steve Marquardt, “‘Green Havoc’: Panama Disease, Environmental Change, and Labor Process in the Central American Banana Industry,” American Historical Review 106, no. 1 (2001): 49–80, https://doi.org/10.2307/2652224.
29 Nelson, “Postharvest Rots of Banana.”
30 As the title suggests, this report explains how climate change is predicted to affect food and agriculture at a global level. In short, food security grows more tenuous and water more scarce as climate change progresses. Low wage agricultural workers are among the first impacted.
Aziz Elbehri, ed., Climate Change and Food Systems: Global Assessments and Implications for Food Security and Trade, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Rome: 2015), https://doi.org/978-92-5-108699-5.
31 The article states: "The war began between the big plantation owners and government, who refused unionised labour, and revolutionary groups who eventually took to the jungle to resist them. By the late 1960s that conflict was becoming a way of life. It was fuelled over the next three decades by the great wash of money and corruption from the cocaine trade and it took on a kind of hallucinatory violence. Official figures put the death toll at 220,000 though it is probably higher; 7 million people were “internally displaced”, mostly from rural communities." The article follows Don José Manuel Suarez to show how his Fairtrade cooperative Coobafrío has survived paramilitary violence, recent hurricanes, and is growing.
Tim Adams, “Colombia: No Guns, No Drugs, No Atrocities, No Rape, No Murder. Just Bananas…,” The Guardian, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/25/colombia-farmers-fairtrade-bananas-civil-war-drug-trafficking.
32 This quote comes from an interview with Gustavo Murillo, thanks to the work of the artist, Jan Nimmo (her translations). Murillo was on strike with other workers when paramilitaries raided their dormitories, threatening them, beating them, and killing one person. Murillo's story is personal and tender, and I recommend you read it. Murillo again: "We're not against those who have wealth if they've earned it. To be rich isn't bad in itself when it's a fortune that's been earned through someone's efforts and hard work. What is immoral is getting rich on the backs of the poor. We're not criticising the rich, but we want them to realise that what they have, they have because the poor work for them to possess it. They have to realise this and be more conscious of this and treat us a bit better - better treatment for the women of Ecuador, for the Ecuadorian children, the children who work on the banana plantations, doing the various jobs." The Los Alamos Plantations are owned by Álvaro Noboa, Ecuador's billionaire banana magnate.
Gustavo Murillo, interview by Jan Nimmo, Green Gold, Oro Verde, May 2002, last accessed July 22, 2020, http://greengold.org.uk/Gustavo.htm.
33 International Trade Union Confederation, Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights 2012 (Brussels: 2012), https://web.archive.org/web/19970216150623/http://www.icftu.org/english/turights/etusvcon.html.
34 Larry Luxner, “Guatemalan Banana Bosses Deny They’re Exploiting Campesinos,” The Tico Times, 2014, https://ticotimes.net/2014/04/22/guatemalan-banana-bosses-deny-theyre-exploiting-campesinos.
35 Kimberly Kern, “Guatemala: Banana Workers Union Leader Assassinated,” Upsidedown World, 2007, http://upsidedownworld.org/archives/guatemala/guatemala-banana-workers-union-leader-assassinated/.
36 International Labour Office, Record of Proceedings (Geneva: International Labour Office, 2008), https://books.google.com/books?id=4K9Oj-gsTg4C.
37 International Trade Union Confederation, 2012 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights - Guatemala (Brussels: 2012), https://www.refworld.org/docid/4fd8894cc.html.
38 Nicaragua Solidarity Network of Greater New York, “Killings Continue in Honduras’ Aguán Valley,” Weekly News Update on the Americas, 2011, https://weeklynewsupdate.blogspot.com/2011/08/wnu-1094-killings-continue-in-honduras.html.
39 Phoebe Cooke, “Son’s Horror as He Finds Parents and Grandad Stabbed to Death in Their Tenerife Home,” The Sun, 2018, https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5883625/married-couple-grandad-found-dead-tenerife-banana-plantation/.
40 Gustavo Murillo, interview by Jan Nimmo, Green Gold, Oro Verde.
41 “Peeling Back the Truth on Guatemalan Bananas,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 2010, https://www.coha.org/peeling-back-the-truth-on-the-guatemalan-banana-industry/.
42 “In Re Chiquita Brands Int'l, Inc. Alien Tort Statute & Shareholder Derivative Ligation," Case No. 08-01916-MD-MARRA (U.S. District Court, S.D. Florida, 2012).
43 Guatemala Human Rights Commission - USA, Fact Sheet: Labor Rights in Guatemala (Washington D.C.: 2008).
44 Phillip A. Hough, “A Race to the Bottom? Globalization, Labor Repression, and Development by Dispossession in Latin America’s Banana Industry,” Global Labour Journal 3, no. 2 (2012): 237–64, https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v3i2.1121.
45 Lise Josefsen Hermann, “They Live and Die by Bananas,” Danwatch, 2016, https://danwatch.dk/en/undersoegelse/they-live-and-die-by-bananas-2/.
46 International Labour Organization, Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948, No. 87 - Guatemala (Geneva: 2017).
47 Carlos Amorín, “Asesinan En Izabal a Otro Miembro Del SITRABI,” Regional Latinoamericana de la Unión Internacional de Trabajadores de la Alimentación, Agrícolas, Hoteles, Restaurantes, Tabaco y Afines (Rel-UITA), 2011, http://www6.rel-uita.org/sindicatos/asesinan_en_izabal_otro_miembro_de_sitrabi.htm.
48 “In Re Chiquita Brands Int'l, Inc. Alien Tort Statute & Shareholder Derivative Ligation," Case No. 08-01916-MD-MARRA (U.S. District Court, S.D. Florida, 2012).
49 “Dow Chemical Company and Shell Oil Company, Petitioners, v. Domingo Castro Alfaro et Al., Respondents," 786 S.W.2d 674 (Supreme Court of Texas, 1990).
50 International Labour Office, 368th Report of the Committee on Freedom of Association (Geneva: 2013).
51 “Colombia - Murders, Attempted Murders and Disappearances (2012)” International Trade UnionConfederation (ITUC), accessed July 27, 2020, https://survey.ituc-csi.org/Murders-attempted-murders-and.html?lang=es.
52 Alex Pickett, “Families Blame Banana Execs for Killings,” Courthouse News Service, 2017, https://www.courthousenews.com/families-blame-former-banana-execs-paramilitary-killings/.
53 Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USE, Guatemala Human Rights Update Vol. 20, No. 6 (Washington D.C.: 2008).
54 US Labor Education in the Americas Project, US Leap Newsletter #4 (Washington D.C.: 2011).
55 Middle America Information Bureau, Background Information on Bananas (New York: United Fruit Company, 1943), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924013997535&view=1up&seq=1.
56 Description of banana pins and banana gun, (Auburn, Washington: Washington Banana Museum, c. 1960), last accessed July 29, 2020, http://www.bananamuseum.com/.
57 Traaacker, “Definition: Banana Beaner,” Urban Dictionary, 2015, https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=banana beaner.
58 Must a thing be seen? This endnote is from a popular right-wing and openly racist media group. One Google search for "banana" led me there. Why? Much of this poem in its conception was about visibility--who is not seen and how that unseeing allows historical atrocities to continue and continue. I wanted to create a window for readers as U.S. Americans to see what we so often overlook--the Latin American people, black people, indigenous people, and workers whose deaths have, in the case of bananas, literally sustained us, and in what linguistic and cultural ways we actively condone these deaths. But I am tired of looking at atrocities. This section of the poem alone took at least two years to research and write. I am tired of looking at atrocities; they continue and continue. It is winter. I escape into cooking large meals, social media, or television, and yet I know they continue and continue. Recently, I have been reading (and re-reading) Christina Sharpe's In the Wake: On Blackness and Being. She begins quoting Maurice Blanchot and then continues from there: "'When the disaster comes upon us, it does not come. The disaster is its imminence, but since the future, as we conceive of it in the order of lived time belongs to the disaster, the disaster has always already withdrawn or dissuaded it; there is no future for the disaster, just as there is no time or space for its accomplishment.' Transatlantic slavery was and is the disaster. The disaster of Black subjection was and is planned; terror is disaster and "terror has a history" (Youngquist 2011, 7) and it is deeply atemporal. The history of capital is inextricable from the history of Atlantic chattel slavery. The disaster and the writing of the disaster are never present, are always present…thinking needs care ('all thought is Black thought') and that thinking and care need to stay in the wake."
The poem's line is from Raptormann, 2017, comment on Tom Ciccotta, “Ole Miss Greek Life Retreat Canceled After Banana Peel Found in Tree,” Breitbart, 2017, https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/08/31/ole-miss-greek-life-retreat-canceled-after-banana-peel-found-in-tree/.
59 Bobby Kiite (@bobbyliite), “shutup u spic go eat fried bananas and rice,” Twitter, January 22, 2013, https://twitter.com/BobbyLiite_/status/293820956290449410.
60 Pandora89, “Definition: Spic Spaz,” Urban Dictionary, 2008, https://www.urbandictionary.com/author.php?author=pandora89.
61 Letterboxd, “Going Bananas,” accessed July 29, 2020, https://letterboxd.com/film/going-bananas/.
62 IMDB, “Going Bananas (1987),” accessed July 29, 2020, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093098/.
63 IMDB, “Herbie Goes Bananas (1980),” accessed July 29, 2020, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080861/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1.
64 G Savo (@ImSavageOG), “nah fuck this beaner I hope his family drowns on a banana boat...” Twitter, August 20, 2015, https://twitter.com/ImSavageOG/status/634535137741508609.
65 Dana Frank, Bananeras: Women Transforming the Banana Unions of Latin America (Cambridge: South End Press, 2005).
66 Sacha Silva, Fairtrade, the Windward Islands and The Changing EU Banana Regime, Economic Affairs Division of the Commonwealth Secretariat (London: 2010).
67 Adams, Conquest of the Tropics.
68 Ligia Lamich, interview with Jan Nimmo, Green Gold, Oro Verde, May 2001, last accessed July 30, 2020, http://www.greengold.org.uk/Ligia.htm.
69 Blair Turner, Latin America 2016-2017 (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2016), https://books.google.com/books?id=gT7TDAAAQBAJ.
70 “In Re Chiquita Brands Int'l, Inc. Alien Tort Statute & Shareholder Derivative Ligation.”
71 Frank, Bananeras: Women Transforming the Banana Unions of Latin America.
72 Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
73 Leonie Nimmo, “One Hundred Years of Servitude,” Ethical Consumer Magazine, January/February 2010.
74 Maria Eugenia Angulo Durán, interview by Jan Nimmo, Green Gold, Oro Verde, May 2001, last accessed August 1, 2020, http://www.greengold.org.uk/maria eugenia.htm.
75 Trade and Markets: Banana Facts and Figures, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, (Rome: 2020), http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/bananas/bananafacts/en/.
76 Ted L Gragson and Ben G. Blount, Ethnoecology: Knowledge, Resources, and Rights (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1999), https://books.google.com/books?id=NgQq2oQEdCEC.
77 Aizhu Lu, “You May Not Know What a Speckled Banana Can Do to Improve Your Health,” Vision China Times, 2015, https://www.visiontimes.com/2015/01/21/you-may-not-know-what-a-speckled-banana-can-do-to-improve-your-health.html.
78 Stephen Mihn, “The Bananapocalypse Is Nigh,” Bloomberg News, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2017-12-21/the-bananapocalypse-is-nigh.
79 Robert Atadman, “Do You Know These Facts about AR-15?,” Hemlock-Kills, 2020, https://hemlock-kills.com/do-you-know-these-facts-about-ar-15/.
80 John Dos Passos, The 42nd Parallel, (New York: Library of America, 1930; Boston: Mariner Books, 2000).
81 National League of Wholesale Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Distributors, "Banana Mass Meeting: Protest Against Taxing 'Poor Man's Fruit' Made," Fruit Trade Journal and Produce Record, vol. 49 (1913), https://books.google.com/books?id=idxKAQAAMAAJ.
82 National Public Radio, “America’s Gone Bananas: Here’s How It Happened," NPR, 2012, https://www.npr.org/2012/06/02/154153252/americas-gone-bananas-heres-how-it-happened.
83 NYT Cooking, “King Arthur Flour’s Banana Crumb Muffins Recipe,” The New York Times, 2018, https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/6245-king-arthur-flours-banana-crumb-muffins.
84 “Guillermo Touma - President of FENACLE, Ecuador,” interview by Natacha David, Bananalink, 2001, last accessed February 4, 2019, http://www.bananalink.org.uk/testimonies/guillermo-touma-president-fenacle-ecuador.
85 Letitia Charbonneau and Dianne Clipsham, “Bananas Unpeeled! The Hidden Costs of Banana Production and Trade; a Global Education Curriculum” (Ottawa: Global Education Network, Canadian International Development Agency, 2004).
86 Dole Food Company, Inc., “Form 10-K: Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securitites Exchange Act of 1934” (Westlake Village, CA: 2011).
87 Louise Jury, “The Fruit Trade That Turned Sour,” The Independent, 1998, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-fruit-trade-that-turned-sour-1161216.html.
88 Luisa E. Castillo, Elba de la Cruz, and Clemens Ruepert, “Ecotoxicology and Pesticides in Tropical Aquatic Ecosystems of Central America,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, no. 1 (January 1997), https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160104.
89 Michael Evans, ed., “Chiquita Papers Are Key Evidence in International Criminal Court Filing,” National Security Archive, George Washington University, 2017, https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/colombia-chiquita-papers/2017-05-18/chiquita-papers-are-key-evidence-international-criminal-court-filing.
90 “United State of America v Chiquita Brands, International, Inc.," Indictment, Violation: Engaging in Transactions with a Specially-Designated Global Terrorist 50 USC 1705(b); 31 CFR 594.204 (Washington D.C., Office of Foreign Assets Control, 2007).
91 “American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co.," 213 U.S. 347, 29 (U.S. Supreme Court 511, 1909).
92 Gardeners’ World, “How to Protect a Tender Banana Plant over Winter,” BBC, 2019, https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-protect-a-tender-banana-plant-over-winter-part-one/.
93 Emiko Purdy and Henry Vega, The Banana Sector in Ecuador: Trade, Supply Chain, U.S. Cooperation (Quito: GAIN Report, USDA Foreign Agricultural Services, 2011).
94 Juanita Darling, “Human Struggle for Survival Plays Out Behind Banana Wars,” Los Angeles Times, June 11, 1999, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jun-11-fi-45271-story.html.
95 Guatemala Labor Laws and Regulations Handbook: Strategic Information and Basic Laws, World Business Law Library (Washington D.C., Guatemala City: International Business Publications USA, 2013), https://books.google.com/books?id=fuENCgAAQBAJ.
96 Chris Hunt and Rathnasiri Premathilake, “Banana Domestication - Peeling Back the History of the Banana,” SAPIENS, 2018, https://www.sapiens.org/culture/banana-domestication/.
97 Jonathan Beecher Field, “Yes, We Have No (Time For) Bananas - Letters to the Editor,” The Clemson University Tiger, April 11, 2016, http://www.thetigercu.com/letters_to_editor/yes-we-have-no-time-for-bananas/article_af9bfe96-0032-11e6-b590-ff3779e322b5.html.
98 Richard Poplak, “How Sam ‘The Banana Man’ Zemurray Explains Capitalism, and Marikana,” The Johannesburg Daily Maverick, September 17, 2012, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-09-17-how-sam-the-banana-man-zemurray-explains-capitalism-and-marikana/.
99 N.M. Nayar, “The Bananas: Botany, Origin, Dispersal,” in Horticultural Reviews, Volume 36, ed. Jules Janick (Trivandrum, India: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470527238.ch2.
100 Lizzie Thomson, “Exotic Frog Travels 5,000 Miles from Colombia to Wales in Bananas,” Metro UK, July 6, 2020, https://metro.co.uk/2020/07/06/exotic-frog-travels-5000-miles-columbia-wales-supermarket-bananas-12950188/.
101 Colleen Oakley, “It All Started With A Safari Jacket: The Banana Republic Story,” Forbes (Jersey City: May 2013), https://www.forbes.com/sites/learnvest/2013/05/10/it-all-started-with-a-safari-jacket-the-banana-republic-story/#7d54d6391005.
102 Dan Koeppel, Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World (New York: Penguin Publishing Group, 2007).
103 R. Elton Smile, The Manatitlans, Or, A Record of Recent Scientific Explorations in the Andean La Plata, S.A. (Buenos Aires: Imprenta de Razon, 1877), https://books.google.com/books?id=qG8SAAAAYAAJ.
104 Jonathan Hofmann et al., “Mortality among a Cohort of Banana Plantation Workers in Costa Rica,” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 12, no. 4 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2006.12.4.321.
105 Michael Warren Davis, “Modern Art: When a Banana Is Just a Banana,” The American Conservative (Washington D.C.: 2019), https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/modern-art-when-a-banana-is-just-a-banana/.
106 Steven Wakelin et al., “Bacterial Community Structure and Denitrifier (Nir-Gene) Abundance in Soil Water and Groundwater beneath Agricultural Land in Tropical North Queensland, Australia,” Soil Research 49 (2011): 65–76, https://doi.org/10.1071/SR10055.
107 Dr. Victor C. Meyers and Dr. Anton R. Rose, “The Nutritional Value of the Banana: Strong Medical Endorsement of the Food Value of Bananas,” in Food Value of the Banana: Opinion of Leading Medical and Scientific Authorities (United Fruit Company, 1917).
108 Randy C Ploetz, “Panama Disease: Return of the First Banana Menace,” International Journal of Pest Management 40, no. 4 (1994): 326–36, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670879409371908.
109 Alex Barekye et al., “Selection of Banana Hybrids Based on Resistance to Black Sigatoka Disease in Uganda,” The East African Agricultural Journal 78 (2012): 84–88.
110 Dan Koeppel, “Can This Fruit Be Saved?,” Popular Science, June 2005, https://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-06/can-fruit-be-saved/.
111 Soomi Lee Chung, Bioprotein From Banana Wastes (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1976), https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses.
112 Opeyemi A Oyewo, Maurice S Onyango, and Christian Wolkersdorfer, “Application of Banana Peels Nanosorbent for the Removal of Radioactive Minerals from Real Mine Water,” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 164 (November 2016): 369–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.08.014.
113 Brianna Wippman, “Bananas Could Be Heading for Extinction,” Food & Wine Magazine (Birmingham: June 2017), https://www.foodandwine.com/fruits/banana/bananas-could-be-headed-extinction.
114 “13 Rice Krispie Treats That Are Definitely Not for Kids,” Chowhound, 2015, https://www.chowhound.com/food-news/166657/13-rice-krispie-treats-that-are-definitely-not-for-kids/.
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223 Staffan Muller-Wille, introduction to Linnaeus's Musa Cliffortiana, trans. Stephen Freer.
224 Carlos Arguedas again, in conversation with Ricci Elizondo Carderón, interview by Jan Nimmo, Green Gold, Oro Verde.
225 Guadelupe Martinez, “Being Involved in the Women’s Committee Changed My Life,” in Women Behind the Labels: Worker Testimonies from Central America, ed. Marion Marion Traub-Werner and Lynda Yanz (Washington D.C.: STITCH and the Maquila Solidarity Network (MSN), 2000).
226 You may remember this speaker from near the beginning of the poem, the first assassination introduced to the reader with the line "On 8 December 2017." I felt like I knew Hernán after reading so much about his work, and it was important to me that I ended on his words. The full video can be seen at the website below.
Hernán Bedoya, from the film In Memory of Hernán Bedoya, directed by Nico Muzi and Nicolás Richat (2016; Argentina and Belgium: Gancho, and Transport and Environment), https://www.fronterainvisible.com.